BOOK2 CH9 Planing And Sustainable Development In India Context (Summary)
BOOK2 INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
CH9 PLANING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA CONTEXT
SUMMARY
APPROACHES OF PLANING
There are two approaches of planing which are as follows:
1) Sectoral Planning Approach - In this approach the development of various sectors of economy. E.g - Agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power construction, transport, communication, social infrastructure and service, etc are taken into consideration to which various sets of schemes or programmes are to be formulised and implemented.
2) Regional Planing Approach - In this approach, the main emphasis is on to draw such plans which may help o reduce regional disparities and bring uniform economic development
TARGET AREA PLANNING
The core focus of planning process is in promoting economically backward areas. It is important that for proper economic development of a region, there is a need of resources base as well as technology and investment simultaneously, because sometime resources rich is regions also remain backward.
After having about one and half decade planing experience, it is realised that our economic development is still facing the regional imbalances. In order to encounter both regional and social disparities, the planing commission introduced the "Target area" and "Target Group approaches" to planning.
HILL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
1) It covers 15 district comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar pradesh (present uttrakhand), Mikir hill and north Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling of district of west Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil nadu. It was stated in Fifth five year plan.
2) It was reommended in 1981, by the National committee on the development of Backward Area, that the hill area, that hill areas having a height above 600m and not covered under tribal sub- plan be treated as backward hill areas.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME (DPAP)
This programme was started during the fourth Five Year Plan. The main objective of Drought Prone Area Programme are as follows:
(i) This Plan mainly emphasised on generating employment opportunities to the people of drought prone areas along with creating productive assets.
(ii) Besides, irrigation projects, land development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as rural electrification, roads, market, credit and service were also its main priorities.
(iii) The national committee on Development of Backward Areas found that this programme was mostly confined to the development of agriculture and allied sectors along with restoration of ecological balance.
(iv) The society due to burden of population was bound to utilise the marginal lands for agriculture and as result led ecological degradation.
Thus, it was observed that there is an urgent need to generate to alternative employment opportunities in these regions.
AREA AND LIFE OF PEOPLE IN BHARMAUR
The area and life of people of Bharmaur region are as follows:
(i) The tribal area covers Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of chamba district of himachal pradesh.
(ii) It is one of the most backward area economically as well as socially in himachal pradesh and also a notified tribal region since 21st november 1975.
(iii) The area is occupied by a tribal group of community named "Gaddi" who practised transhumance and speak "Gaddiali" dialect.
(iv) According to 2001 census, the total population of the areas was 39113 i.e 21 persons per sq km.
(v) People of the area face major problems as the economy is mostly affected by its harsh climate low resources base and fragile environment.
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)
(i) In 1970, Gaddis were included in the list of scheduled tribes and in the same period the development process of tribal and in the same period of the development process of tribal area of this region started.
(ii) Later in 1974 under the fifth five year plan, the tribal sub plan was introduced and bharmaur was designed as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh.
Aims And Priorities of the Intergrated Tribal Development Project as follows:
(i) Improvinig the quality of life of the Gaddis.
(ii) Narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other district of Himachal Pradesh
(iii) The highest priority was on development of transport and communication, agriculture and ailed activities as well as social and community services.
The main achievements of the tribal sub plan are as follows:
Infrastructural Facilities
Infrastructural facilities of tribal sub plan are as follows:
(i) Development of infrastructure i,e schools, health care facilities, potable water, roads , communication and eletricity supply.
(ii) Villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficaries infrastructural development.
Social Benefits
Social benefits of tribal sub - plan are as follows:
(i) There are tremendous increase in literacy rate, e.g, the female literacy rate in the region increased from 1.888% in 1971 to 65% in 2011.
(ii) Decline in gender inequality i.e between male and female literacy rate.
(iii) Improvement in sex ratio.
(iv) Decline in child marriage.
Economic Benefits
As the gaddis had practiced traditionally, subsistcnce agriculture cum- pastroral economy, later on during the last three decades of twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of the region.
Some Shortcoming To ITDP
(i) In terms of infrastructural facilities, the remote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas are still remained unaffected.
(ii) The technology is still traditional in nature.
(iii) The importance of pastoralism has been decreasing day by day as only about one tenth of the total households practice transhumance.
(iv) But, still a sizeable portion of the Gaddis migrate to Kangra snd its Fringing zone in order to earn living from wage labour during col season.
Sustainable Development
1) In the 1960, this was the period when people throughout the world were much concerned about the environmental issues because of undesirable effects of industrial development and thus, the concept of sustainable development emerged in western world.
2) This level of fear among environmentalists and common people reached as its peak with the publication of "The population Bomb" by Ehrlich in 1968 and "The limits to growth" by Meadows and others in 1972.
Concpet of Development
1) Development is a dynamic concept and has evolved in the second half of twentieth century, used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes experienced by them.
2) In early human history , the main criteria of determination of a society''s state was the interaction process between human societies and their bio - physical environment.
3) Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology and institutions upon which human environment process depend.
4) These have helped in increasing the pace of human environment interaction, therefore, the momentum generated and festinated technological progress and transformation and creation of institutions.
Effects of Indira Gandhi Canal Irrigation
There are various effects of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation on environment and on agricultural economy:
Effects on Environment
The environment of the areas is influenced by this project both positively and negatively:
Positive Effect Now, there is sufficient soil moisture availability for a longer duration. Various afforestation and pasture development programme came into being . A considerable reduction in wind erosion and siltation of canal system have also been recorded.
Negative Effect Due to intensive irrigation and exccessive use of water, an alarming rate of water logging and soil salinity have been recorded.
Effect on Agriculture
There are some positive and negative effect on agriculture:
Positive Effect This canal irrigation led to increases in cultivated land and intensity of cropping. Main commercial crops i.e wheat, rice, cotton, groundnut replaced the drought resistant crops like gram, bajra, and jowar.
Negative Effect Intensive irrigation has also became a cause of water logging and soil salinity. So, in the near future it may hampers the sustainability of agriculture.
HILL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
1) It covers 15 district comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar pradesh (present uttrakhand), Mikir hill and north Cachar hills of Assam, Darjiling of district of west Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil nadu. It was stated in Fifth five year plan.
2) It was reommended in 1981, by the National committee on the development of Backward Area, that the hill area, that hill areas having a height above 600m and not covered under tribal sub- plan be treated as backward hill areas.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME (DPAP)
This programme was started during the fourth Five Year Plan. The main objective of Drought Prone Area Programme are as follows:
(i) This Plan mainly emphasised on generating employment opportunities to the people of drought prone areas along with creating productive assets.
(ii) Besides, irrigation projects, land development and creation of basic rural infrastructure such as rural electrification, roads, market, credit and service were also its main priorities.
(iii) The national committee on Development of Backward Areas found that this programme was mostly confined to the development of agriculture and allied sectors along with restoration of ecological balance.
(iv) The society due to burden of population was bound to utilise the marginal lands for agriculture and as result led ecological degradation.
Thus, it was observed that there is an urgent need to generate to alternative employment opportunities in these regions.
AREA AND LIFE OF PEOPLE IN BHARMAUR
The area and life of people of Bharmaur region are as follows:
(i) The tribal area covers Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of chamba district of himachal pradesh.
(ii) It is one of the most backward area economically as well as socially in himachal pradesh and also a notified tribal region since 21st november 1975.
(iii) The area is occupied by a tribal group of community named "Gaddi" who practised transhumance and speak "Gaddiali" dialect.
(iv) According to 2001 census, the total population of the areas was 39113 i.e 21 persons per sq km.
(v) People of the area face major problems as the economy is mostly affected by its harsh climate low resources base and fragile environment.
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)
(i) In 1970, Gaddis were included in the list of scheduled tribes and in the same period the development process of tribal and in the same period of the development process of tribal area of this region started.
(ii) Later in 1974 under the fifth five year plan, the tribal sub plan was introduced and bharmaur was designed as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh.
Aims And Priorities of the Intergrated Tribal Development Project as follows:
(i) Improvinig the quality of life of the Gaddis.
(ii) Narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other district of Himachal Pradesh
(iii) The highest priority was on development of transport and communication, agriculture and ailed activities as well as social and community services.
The main achievements of the tribal sub plan are as follows:
Infrastructural Facilities
Infrastructural facilities of tribal sub plan are as follows:
(i) Development of infrastructure i,e schools, health care facilities, potable water, roads , communication and eletricity supply.
(ii) Villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficaries infrastructural development.
Social Benefits
Social benefits of tribal sub - plan are as follows:
(i) There are tremendous increase in literacy rate, e.g, the female literacy rate in the region increased from 1.888% in 1971 to 65% in 2011.
(ii) Decline in gender inequality i.e between male and female literacy rate.
(iii) Improvement in sex ratio.
(iv) Decline in child marriage.
Economic Benefits
As the gaddis had practiced traditionally, subsistcnce agriculture cum- pastroral economy, later on during the last three decades of twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of the region.
Some Shortcoming To ITDP
(i) In terms of infrastructural facilities, the remote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas are still remained unaffected.
(ii) The technology is still traditional in nature.
(iii) The importance of pastoralism has been decreasing day by day as only about one tenth of the total households practice transhumance.
(iv) But, still a sizeable portion of the Gaddis migrate to Kangra snd its Fringing zone in order to earn living from wage labour during col season.
Sustainable Development
1) In the 1960, this was the period when people throughout the world were much concerned about the environmental issues because of undesirable effects of industrial development and thus, the concept of sustainable development emerged in western world.
2) This level of fear among environmentalists and common people reached as its peak with the publication of "The population Bomb" by Ehrlich in 1968 and "The limits to growth" by Meadows and others in 1972.
Concpet of Development
1) Development is a dynamic concept and has evolved in the second half of twentieth century, used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes experienced by them.
2) In early human history , the main criteria of determination of a society''s state was the interaction process between human societies and their bio - physical environment.
3) Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology and institutions upon which human environment process depend.
4) These have helped in increasing the pace of human environment interaction, therefore, the momentum generated and festinated technological progress and transformation and creation of institutions.
Effects of Indira Gandhi Canal Irrigation
There are various effects of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation on environment and on agricultural economy:
Effects on Environment
The environment of the areas is influenced by this project both positively and negatively:
Positive Effect Now, there is sufficient soil moisture availability for a longer duration. Various afforestation and pasture development programme came into being . A considerable reduction in wind erosion and siltation of canal system have also been recorded.
Negative Effect Due to intensive irrigation and exccessive use of water, an alarming rate of water logging and soil salinity have been recorded.
Effect on Agriculture
There are some positive and negative effect on agriculture:
Positive Effect This canal irrigation led to increases in cultivated land and intensity of cropping. Main commercial crops i.e wheat, rice, cotton, groundnut replaced the drought resistant crops like gram, bajra, and jowar.
Negative Effect Intensive irrigation has also became a cause of water logging and soil salinity. So, in the near future it may hampers the sustainability of agriculture.
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