BOOK1 CH6 Secondary Activities (Summary)

BOOK1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

CH6 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

SUMMARY

1. Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products 

2. Manufacturing: 

(a) Involves a full array of production from handicrafts to molding iron and steel and stamping out plastic toys to assembling delicate computer components or space vehicles 

(b) Application of power 

(c) Mass production 

(d) Identical products 

(e) Specialized labour 

(f) Standardized commodities  

Characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing 

1. Specialization of skills/ methods of production 

2. Mechanization 

3. Technical innovation 

4. Organizational structure and stratification 

5. Uneven geographic distribution 

6. Access to market 

7. Access to raw material 

8. Access to labour supply 

9. Access to sources of energy 

10. Access to transportation& communication skills 

11. Government policy 

12. Link to industries 

Classification of industries 

A. Based on size 

1. Cottage / house hold 

2. Small scale 

3. Large scale 

B. Based on input/raw material 

1. Agro-based 

2. Mineral based 

3. Chemical based 

4. Forest based 

5. Animal based 

C. Based on output/product 

1. Basic industries 

2. Consumer industries 

D. Based on ownership 

1. Public sector 

2. Private sector 

3. Joint sector  

Traditional large scale industrial regions 
1. High proportion of employment
2. High density of housing
3. Poor services inferior quality
4. Pollution, waste heaps
5. Unemployment, emigration derelict land areas

Ruhr coal field–Germany 
1. One of the major industrial area
2. Coal, iron, steel are bases for the economy
3. Demand for coal declined so industry shrinking
4. Ruhr region is producing 80% of steel production
5. Problems of industrial waste and pollution
6. New industries emerged in the place of old industries such as car assembly new chemical industry, universities.

Concept of high technology industry 
1. Latest generation manufacturing unit
2. Application of R&D unit
3. Professional workers(white collar) share large group
4. Highly skilled specialists (blue collar) also working
5. Robotics are used in assembly line
6. Computer Aided Design is used
7. Electronic controls
8. Neatly spaced, low modern dispersed office plant and lab buildings
9. Planned business parks for high-tech industries
10. Regionally concentrated, self-sustained highly specialized techno-poles
11. Silicon Valley in San Francisco and silicon forest near Seattle are techno poles

Iron and steel industries:
1. Base for other industries so it is called basic industry
2. Provide raw material to other industries
3. Also called heavy industry
4. Use bulky material
5. Produce heavy material

Raw materials: 
A. Coal
B. Lime stone
C. Coke
D. Ironore
E. Manganese

Features 
1. Located nearby raw material or Near the ports
2. Mini steel industries are located nearby markets
3. Located nearby integrated steel plants for scrap

Distribution 
Most complex and capital intensive industry
(a) North America: USA – North
Appalachian region: PITTISBURG,
Great lake region: Chicago, Garry, Erie, Cleveland LorainBuffalo, Duluth
Atlantic region Sparrows Point and Morrisville

(b) Europe UK - Birmingham, and Sheffield
Germany: Duisburg, Dortmund Dusseldorf Essen
France: Le Creosote St. Ettienne
Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg. Lipetsk Tula
Asia: Nagasaki, Tokyo Yokoma of Japan Shanghai, Tangshan and Wuhan in China Jamshedpur, Kulti Burnpur Durgapur Roukela Bhilai Bokaro Salem Vizak of India

Cotton textile industry 

Three sub sectors 

1. Handloom provide more labour employment, semi-skilled workers, small capital, spinning weaving and finishing of fabrics are important functions
2. Power loom: Machines are used, less labour intensive, volume of production increases
3. Mill sector: highly capital intensive produces cloth in bulk Distribution: India, China, USA, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt produces half of the world cotton. UK, NW Europe, Japan produce textiles by importing raw material from other countries Industry facing stiff competition with synthetic fiber Now it is declining trend due to technology It is shifted to less developed countries